Tough Love in Mel Gibsons Hamlet and Branaghs Hamlet Essay

Tough Love in Mel Gibsons Hamlet and Branaghs Hamlet One of the most emotional and moving scenes in William Shakespeares tragedy Hamlet is in Act III, Scene I lines 90-155 in which the title character becomes somewhat abusive toward his once loved girlfriend Ophelia. It is interesting to examine the possible motives behind Hamlets blatant harshness in this Get the to a nunnery scene toward the easily manipulated and mild mannered girl. While watching Kenneth Branagh and Mel Gibsons film adaptations of the play, the audience may recognize two possibilities of the many that may exist which may explain the Princes contemptible behavior; Kenneth Branaugh seems to suggest that this display of animosity will help the troubled†¦show more content†¦Other than the amusing fishmonger and words, words, words scene, a more serious approach to conveying this insanity could be taken; Hamlets scurrilous behavior toward the fair Ophelia could be taken as a sure sign of craziness, for Polonius is quite positive that Hamlet is deeply in love wi th his daughter. By mistreating Ophelia, perchance Hamlet can trick Polonius into believing that he has gone mad; Hamlets display of hostility to a person he is thought to have cared deeply about may promote the idea that he is not the same person as he always was. Although it can not necessarily be proven, it appears that in the Hall of Mirrors Hamlet is aware that Claudius and Polonius are spying. He takes Ophelia roughly and pushes her face into the mirror, only inches from her father. This act seems to be directly aimed to the men hiding behind the door, not Ophelia. From the beginning of Mel Gibsons Hamlet, the audience recognizes that the Prince is more subdued and introspective than in Branaghs version. Though this Hamlet is still angry with his mother, he seems more reluctant to express any disappointment in her direction. In the very first scene of the film, Gertrude asks Hamlet to stay in Denmark, and he consents in an immediate and submissive fashion. He then proceeds to drop to his knees and hug her about the waist. Gibson seems much more boyish and timid, but it is still safe to assume that he

Essay about Macbeths ambition - 907 Words

An ambition for power can seem to be true perfection, but one should be careful what they wish for, because that power might be exactly what causes their downfall. In the play Macbeth written by William Shakespeare ambition plays a great role and is also a main theme. Ambition is often the motivating force in ones life. It is supposed to be the motivating factor that drives one towards success. The main character, Macbeth has ambition even though it leads him to his downfall. In contrast, Lady Macbeth pursues her goals with greater determination, yet she is less capable of withstanding the outcome of her actions. She becomes guilty which leads to her death since she becomes mentally ill and commits suicide, leaving Macbeth without any†¦show more content†¦IV), Macbeth is angry, he knows to become king he needs to either give up or step over Malcolm (meaning defeat him or perhaps assassinate Duncan). Macbeth begins to plan his betrayal against Duncan as he sees Malcolm standi ng in the way of Macbeth gaining the throne. Macbeth’s ambition to become king leads him to betray his beloved king Duncan. â€Å"Who can be wise, amazed, temprate, and furious, Loyal and neutral, in a moment? No man. Th expedition of my violent love Outrun the pauser, reason.† (Macbeth, Act II Sc. II) Macbeth pretends to show sorrow after hearing the news of Duncan’s death, in another way he is asking himself these questions. This shows that Macbeth is already starting to feel guilty of what he has done. To show an unfelt sorrow is an office which the false man does easy.† (Malcolm, Act II, scene III), Macbeth shows false sorrow; he is covering up his lie by showing his sorrow towards Duncan’s death. A liar can easily pretend to feel sorrow even though he doesn’t feel any. Macbeths ambition led him to lose all the trust and loyalty from his army and thanes, as he becomes greedy and overconfident of himself. The witches’ prophecies have led him to think that no one can kill him. The prophecies showing truth are next to impossible. The apparitions shown to Macbeth by the witches include (Act IV Sc. I): He is told to beware Macduff, the Thane of Fife (Apparition 1 - an armed head),Show MoreRelatedAn Analysis of Macbeths Ambition2139 Words   |  9 Pagesï » ¿ Ambition Essay â€Å"Great ambition is the passion of a great character. Those endowed with it may perform very good or very bad acts. All depends on the principals which direct them.† - Napoleon Bonaparte. Ambition can be defined as the desire and willingness to strive towards achievement or distinction, the motivation in one’s life, it is one of the key sources to success but ambition can blind one from determining what’s right and what’s wrong. On the contrary, driving ambition is theRead MoreCriticism Of Macbeths Ambition1452 Words   |  6 PagesMacbeth criticism Hypothesis: Macbeth is a slave to his overarching ambition. The historical play Macbeth written by Shakespeare tells a story of a man who succumbs to his ambitious demons and consequently develops a manic-depressive persona. After studying Macbeth and reading various criticisms I can conclude that Macbeth is a slave to his overarching ambition. The ambition was always there but when he encounters the â€Å"weird sisters† who tell him half-truths as a prophecy his weak mind choses toRead MoreThe Weird Sisters as Triggers for Macbeth’s Ambition Essay2016 Words   |  9 PagesThe Impact of the Weà ¯rd Sisters on Macbeth Shakespeare’s Macbeth is not only one of the most tragic, but also one of the most violent and uncanny plays. It is a story about war and treachery, blind ambition and murder. From the beginning, the story is governed by a brutal war between Scotland and Norway, which soon claimes its first live of Thane of Cawdor. However, it is not only this violence that creates a dark and heavy mood over the play, but also the use of black magic. The introduction ofRead MoreAmbition in Macbeth1062 Words   |  5 PagesAmbition is often the driving force in one’s life. It can have an extremely dominant impact on not only yourself, but also many people in your surroundings. You have the ability to control if the outcomes either have a lasting negative or positive effect. When a goal requires determination and hard work to complete, personal morals often take a back seat to the aspiration of accomplishing the goal. In Shakespeare’s Macbeth, it is clear that like many other grea t leaders, Macbeth exemplifies the necessaryRead MoreAmbition s Influence Of William Shakespeare s Macbeth 1640 Words   |  7 PagesSydney DeBerry Motlow English 2230 Mrs. Lockhart 20 April 2015 Ambition’s Influence in Macbeth Ambition is a desire for an achievement or distinction of sorts, for it could be a drive to obtain power, honor, fame, or wealth. William Shakespeare features ambition as a leading theme in several of his works of Renaissance Drama. Renaissance theater was known for scarce scenery but elaborate costuming, with Shakespeare’s Globe Theater in the spotlight. The Globe, the most popular public theater in itsRead MoreRelationship Between Macbeth And Lady Macbeth745 Words   |  3 Pagesdivision of Macbeth’s and Lady Macbeth’s relationship, to suggest that excessive ambition leads to downfall. Although it was uncommon for women to be treated as an equal in a relationship during this time period, many people had a relationship where there was equality. Shakespeare began Macbeth’s relationship with parallelism. When Macbeth first found out about his prophecy- to become King- he immediately sent a letter to his wife informing her. Shakespeare addressed the letter to Macbeth’s â€Å"dearestRead MoreMacbeth Ambitions967 Words   |  4 PagesBy: Luca What is ambition? In the dictionary ambition is defined has â€Å"an earnest desire for some type of achievement or distinction, (ex) power, honor, fame, or wealth. The willingness to strive for its attainment†. From this definition I do not even believe that Macbeth really had any ambition of his own. I do not think his ambition was not Macbeth’s greatest weakness but more is gullibility and being able to be swayed into the directions of others. In the story of Macbeth of Macbeths missRead MoreEssay about Driving Ambition in Shakespeares Macbeth1433 Words   |  6 PagesAmbition can be defined as the desire and willingness to strive towards achievement or distinction. On the contrary, driving ambition is the outright desire to achieve a certain goal, regardless of any possible consequences. In William Shakespeare’s Macbeth, driving ambition caused Macbeth and his wife to murder King Duncan because of their desire for power. In an attempt to retain his power Macbeth also murdered Banquo and Macduff’s family. Through both of these cruel actions, Macbeth and hisRead MoreComparison Between Lady Macbeth And The Wife Of Bath1544 Words   |  7 PagesAmbition is a key theme in both William Shakespeare’s Macbeth and Geoffrey Chaucer’s The Wife of Bath. This essay will focus on the contrast in ambitions between Lady Macbeth and The Wife of Bath. I will argue that whereas Lady Macbeth’s uncertain ambition that stems from her preoccupation with her maternal qualities – and her apparent inabilities to bear children, the Wife of Bath is liberated and appears to relish her status as an independent woman unconcerned with child bearing, ‘a mother’s uniqueRead MoreThe Ambition of Lady Macbeth in Macbeth by William Shakespeare894 Words   |  4 PagesThe Ambition of Lady Macbeth in Macbeth by William Shakespeare Timothy Leary once said, Women who seek to be equal with men lack ambition (Peters 175). But is this true in the case of the classic play Macbeth? In Macbeth it seems to be, that Macbeth the protagonist of the play is influence by Lady Macbeths ambition. Could this be an exception or was Lady Macbeth lying when she ask to be equal to a man so she could commit the murder (1.5.33.45-61). To understand one must look deeply into the

Being A Female In a Leadership Position Within The Military Free Essays

The life of a woman in active Army service is not made up of cherries and cotton candy. Active military life requires me to constantly overcome various obstacles that are placed within my path on a daily basis. But unlike the other women who quit instead of trying to overcome the difficulties so that they can advance to the senior level positions, I chose to stay on and prove that I am somebody who will always muster the courage to become a worthy counterpart of the male soldier. We will write a custom essay sample on Being A Female In a Leadership Position Within The Military or any similar topic only for you Order Now I cannot blame the women who leave the service before they reach the senior grade levels though. Sometimes, the obstacles seem insurmountable and endless so that it seems like it is no longer worth the effort to keep on fighting. The reality is that the Army was developed by males and having females come into their ranks as soldiers and officers simply does not sit well with a vast majority of these people. Male soldiers want to believe that women will forever be weak and feeble creatures. Which is why it will take a immensely strong and influential female role model, a female in active service who will accomplish something so admirable that it will be impossible for the men to ignore the accomplishment to change the male perception. Such an embodiment of female leadership will also finally give the female soldiers a leader whom they can emulate, idolize, and hope to be in the future. The question female soldiers are now left with is â€Å"Where do we find such a woman to lead us? † I have seen some females who could be the role model we seek but because they are opinionated and sometimes seem more masculine than the males in an effort to make themselves heard, these women get administratively charged and then fired or worse, they voluntarily leave because of the frustration they feel I will admit that building a career as a female Army leader carries tremendous stress and frustration because we have to constantly prove ourselves, sometimes while facing overwhelming odds. We know very well that the men want to see us fail and the higher leaders already talk down to us and undermine our confidence and ability to think as strong minded females, we still voice our opinions — but at a cost to our femininity. When I was serving at Camp Taji in Iraq, there was a woman who came to the brigade and it seemed like the entire female population of the camp was discussing who she was and where she came from. Before she arrived on camp, we had a male leader who pretty much did not understand, or did not care that the female soldiers where not complying with the regulations. Maybe he was afraid of being reported for sexual harassment if he called a female on a violation. All of that changed when our female leader arrived. We began to take pride in our appearance and grooming because this leader was not afraid to call us on any infractions we may have. Here was a woman who had the grace of a ballerina, the posture of a military professional, and the attitude of a leader who knew how to get the job done. She spoke in the manner of a highly educated person who was neither condescending nor rude. Not once did I ever catch her in a uniform that was not sharply pressed. Her hair was always tucked behind her head and her hat was always so crisp that it would stand on its own. She knew all about the Army Standard and insured that she would always uphold it to the best of her abilities. She did not care that she faced becoming an outcast because she was vocal about her beliefs regarding what was right for the army. She did not hesitate to use discipline when necessary and she let us know that if the Army cannot entrust you with small tasks, how could we be expected to complete real missions on the battlefront? Discipline was key. Sure she was called a bitch by most, but she was a bitch who got the job done. She knew that there were no acceptable excuses and compliance with the rules is all that mattered. For those are the traits of a real leader. She has been my role model ever since. Males believe that women who succeed in military life can only be either of 2 things. A bitch or a lesbian. Neither of which are true. I am severely hurt when I hear comments like this. More so when I hear it from fellow females. This is why when I was given the duty of a company leader, I told myself that I was going to prove them wrong. I can be an effective leader without being a bitch and still keep my femininity to use whenever I want to. Since I currently serve as a company leader, I find myself constantly having to push myself to perform my duties even more effectively than a man. With 6 platoons and a corresponding 6 male platoon Sergeants under my direct supervision, 3 of whom have been in active military service far longer than me, I can honestly say that it took a lot of heartache for me to be able to lead them because they never expected a female to come out of nowhere and be given the duty of running a line unit. My first few months as company leader were very difficult. I had to overcome the fact that my platoon sergeants chose to ignore my orders and would rather do things their own way. The problem with this situation is that when all hell broke lose, it was my command responsibility and it was my bottom on the line. The men viewed me as a figurehead but, as they quickly learned, I knew how to get their attention and crack the whip upon them. It took some time but my corrective training eventually paid off and they now regard me with the same respect as they would a male company leader. I approached the situation the way a male company leader would. I knew exactly what they could do on a PT challenge so I stepped up the requirements a bit for them. After 55 pushups, 100 sit ups and a 13:00 run that left them winded, they certainly had a clear message regarding who was in charge of the company. From then on, I never hesitated to reintroduce them to Army Standards as the need arose. Each time I run my company, I recall my experiences with that female leader in Iraq and remind myself that she was leadership in action. She was at the top of her game and although probably lonely at the top, she was prepared for all the challenges that came her way. I was able to properly do my job and was good at it because I chose to be an engaging leader. My job was to make sure that my soldier’s received 100% quality training and I did not let the challenges posed before me because of my gender stop me from delivering what was necessary. It is unfortunate that these challenges to the female gender will always be present. Men will always develop a sense of anger and bitterness when a woman gets ahead of them. I have experienced being conspired against by my male subordinates because I threatened their male supremacy within the ranks. Which is why I try to seek a balance between the two genders. I ask both the male and females for advice in order to prove to the males that I only want to work with them, not against them. Gender discrimination is not a right. It not a privilege either. It is an unacceptable situation that exists within the military because of gender bias and issues. There was a serious point in time when all the intrigue was hitting me so hard that I contemplated leaving the military. I was frustrated and discouraged by what I believe to be the direction the military was headed in. Thankfully, I was talked out of it by the other females in the army who were with me in similar positions of authority. Through their mentorship, I came to the realization that I had to stay where I was regardless of the obstacles before me because the future of women in the military depended upon it. If every female who ever entered active military service were to quit, the males will have won and proven that females just do not have what it takes to survive in a world that they wish to solely dominate. Men in the military are already an established dominant population. But that does not mean that the military can never be female ready. It is up to existing female military leaders such as myself to cultivate the new military world. Where women will be able to serve alongside men with a little restrictions as possible while taking care of ourselves on the field. After all, men take care of themselves on the battlefront. If women want to be treated equally in the military, they we should learn to become just as self sufficient and independent on all the fronts. 2 years ago, females were finally allowed to see active combat duty in Iraq. I consider this to be a success for the females in military service. This is the military’s acknowledgement that men and women actually have the same skill level once trained properly and can both serve on the battlefront without being a hindrance to one another. Work Cited Bender, Bryan. (2005). U. S. women get closer to combat. The Boston Globe. Retrieved December 4, 2007, from http://www. boston. com/news/nation/washington/articles/2005/01/26/us_women_get_closer_to/ RAND. (1997). Military readiness: women are not a problem. RAND Research Brief . Retrieved December 5, 2007, How to cite Being A Female In a Leadership Position Within The Military, Essays

Challenges faced by the McDonalds-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Challenges which are faced by the McDonalds Food Industry. Answer: Introduction The report presents briefly overview on key challenges which are faced by the company during recruitment processes. In every organization, employees play a significant role in the success of the company. It explains the key issues and challenges which are faced by the McDonalds. McDonald's is a food industry which was founded in 1940 by Richard and Maurice McDonald. The report explains that how McDonald's face the key challenges in recruiting workforce and how the company overcomes these challenges and issues. It should make an attractive strategy for reducing issues and problems in recruiting workforce. So recruitment plays a significant role in every organization. Recruitment It is the process of selecting, attracting and appointing a candidate for employment and jobs within an organization. It is an important function of human resource management and it is the first step of appointment. Every company wants to expand its business so it requires separate human resource department. McDonalds Company has selected for this report so the company also do have human resource department which helps in recruitment of employees. The recruitment process in McDonald's is divided into two steps. In the first step, a candidate needs to apply online for a job and if he is selected then in next Step Company call to a candidate for interview and evaluate his abilities. Employees who are appointed in McDonald's are called crew members. When the crew members are appointed in the company then they need to attend the welcome meeting which is conducted in a restaurant by the company. In this meeting, employer explains the norms and condition of the company and gives informatio n about the company to person. McDonald's ensures that the candidate is suitable for the job. The company provides various kinds of training to new employees (Willis-Shattuck, Bidwell, Thomas, Wyness, Blaauw Ditlopo, 2008). Source: businessjargons, 2017) Organization image of McDonald's It is one of the biggest hamburger fast food company and its headquarter is located in the United States. The main objective of McDonald's to give best services and experience to their customers and it is one of the largest universal brand in the world (Elbel, Gyamfi Kersh, 2011). It provides flexibility in culture, equal opportunities and diversity to people. It is a fast food company which is founded in 1940 by Richard and Maurice McDonald. There are approx 375,000 employees working in this company. It serves more than 69 million customers in over 100 countries and it has approx 36,900 outlets. In recruitment, Process Company appoints a suitable person for doing work. The various types of hamburger such as chicken, French fries, chicken sandwiches, soft drinks and breakfast items are sold by McDonald's. In India, McDonald's started its operation in 1996. The revenue of this company is increasing day by day. The revenue of McDonald's is showing in below diagram (Swartz, Braxton Vi era, 2011). (Source: Statista: 2017) Key challenges for recruiting the workforce McDonald's faces many difficulties in the recruitment process. Below some points show what are the key challenges faced by the company and it also describes that how the company is overcoming these challenges. There are some strategies which should be followed by McDonald's to overcome these challenges (ODonnell, Hoerr, Mendoza Goh, 2008). They are discussed as below. Labor supply It is the total working hours in which employees want to work in given wage rate. The salary and wages depend on the employees work in McDonald's. If the company appoints an employee in food industry then it evaluates the employee skills and behavior. McDonald's analyzes that how the workers communicate and handle to customers (Hanratty, Milton, Ashton Whitehead, 2012). In recruiting process, team members of McDonald's ensure and examine either labor is able to do work or not. The company appoints that person who is eligible for work. The students apply in the food industry for part time job. The company appoints a person on the basis of language, skills, feasibility, past experience and working hours. McDonald's try to appoint employees at very less salary and wage. McDonald's should pay a good salary to employees but it should depend on skills and abilities. But it creates problems and it will become a very big challenge for workers (Dumanovsky, Huang, Nonas, Matte, Bassett Silve r, 2011). Strategy recommendation for labor supply McDonald's should hire workers who have skills and competencies to work in the company. There are many labors who are experienced in the food industry so they demand high salary to work in that industry. So the company should analyze employee skills and potentials and it should pay salary according to their skills and abilities. It should hire employees for the full-time period. McDonald's should provide some extra benefits such as medical, insurance, dental, bonus, and incentives to employees so they perform work very effectively. It will motivate employees and increase the retention, stability of labors. In this way, the company can reduce challenges in the recruitment process of employees. Labor demand Labor demand is the relationship between the wages of labor and number of hours employee is working. This will create problems in recruitment of employees. McDonald's does not pay to employees if they do overtime and extra work. So employees will get disappointed and demotivate and it will affect the working capacity of employees. It will also create a problem in the stability of employees. As per labor law, a person should not work more than 48hours in a week and 9 hours in a day. Generally, McDonald's shift timing is 60 hours in a week that is too much for employees. The company should keep general shift timings (48 hours in a week) to workers for doing work. If the company keeps huge shift timing for employees then it should pay a good salary to workers (Thornton, Bentley Kavanagh, 2009). Strategy recommendation for labor demand The company should give wages and salary to employees according to their working hours as well as work. If an employee who is doing extra work and overtime then the company should pay the amount for the extra work and overtime. In such way, employees will get motivate and they will perform their work very efficiently. Apart from this company should provide incentives, bonus, and other facilities to employees for doing work more effectively. McDonald's should keep flexible shift timings (8-9 hours in a day) for employees. If the company keeps 8-9 hours shift timings in a day then it can increase the productivity of employees and they can give their best performance in the company (Crane Matten, 2016). Demographic issues The demographic issues are related to the socio-economic culture of the country and they affect the business of the company. The various demographic factors are such as age, education level, income level, marital status, religion, the average size of family and gender. All these issues also arise in the recruitment process and these issues create problems in the recruitment process (Johnson, Angell, Lederer, Dumanovsky, Huang, Bassett Silver 2010). Strategy recommendation for demographic issues The environment factors play a significant role in an organization. They also affect the business of the company. So the company should focus on these factors and analyze them very carefully. It should identify all these factors and make a strategy to control the demographic factors in the organization. McDonald's should make a strategy for retention and stability of employees. Some other issues are also faced by the company such as lack of flexibility, inaccurate services, and price sensitivity. All these issues are faced by the McDonalds and they also affect recruitment process of this company (Schlosser, 2012). Recommendations McDonald's should focus on the services and it should make a strategy for providing better services to customers. The company should provide training to employees for delivery of high quality of services to customers. It should conduct training and learning programs for the company to achieve long term growth in organization and it also helps in to reduce staff turnover. It should implement integrated promotional mix strategy for the success of the company and brand promotions. The company should use digital marketing to handle the online customers. It should analyze the internal and external market of the company and it should reduce risk by developing new products and services. Employees who are giving a good performance then the company should give a reward to those employees. It should also provide some additional benefits like medical, insurance, health care services. The company should make a strategy for effective recruitment process and expansion of the business. McDonald's should maintain collaboration and cooperation with customers and it should provide the best quality of services to them (Bernhardt, Wilking, Adachi-Mejia, Bergamini, Marijnissen Sargent, 2013). Conclusion The report analyzes the recruitment process of McDonald's. For the success of the organization, each company should make recruitment strategy and policies. The company can expand its business through manpower planning. So it should hire many employees for the development of the company. There are some factors like demographic, socio-cultural and economic factors, labor and supply demand which affect the business of the company. Some recommendations have been given to McDonald's for improving the performance of employees. It tells that how McDonald's company use strategy for eliminating the key issues. The company should analyze the skills and potentials of the company (Harnack, French, Oakes, Story, Jeffery Rydell, 2008). Now it is concluded that McDonald's should provide additional benefits to employees. In such way, it can increase the productivity of the company and it can enhance and increase motivation, the satisfaction of employees. McDonald's should aware and make some strategies to solve environmental issues. The company should reduce the impact of global warming and unnecessary packing. References Bernhardt, A. M., Wilking, C., Adachi-Mejia, A. M., Bergamini, E., Marijnissen, J., Sargent, J. D. (2013). How television fast food marketing aimed at children compares with adult advertisements.PloS one,8(8), e72479. Crane, A., Matten, D. (2016).Business ethics: Managing corporate citizenship and sustainability in the age of globalization. Oxford University Press. Dumanovsky, T., Huang, C. Y., Nonas, C. A., Matte, T. D., Bassett, M. T., Silver, L. D. (2011). Changes in energy content of lunchtime purchases from fast food restaurants after introduction of calorie labelling: cross sectional customer surveys.Bmj,343, d4464. Elbel, B., Gyamfi, J., Kersh, R. (2011). Child and adolescent fast-food choice and the influence of calorie labeling: a natural experiment.International journal of obesity (2005),35(4), 493. Hanratty, B., Milton, B., Ashton, M., Whitehead, M. (2012). McDonalds and KFC, it's never going to happen: the challenges of working with food outlets to tackle the obesogenic environment.Journal of Public Health,34(4), 548-554. Harnack, L. J., French, S. A., Oakes, J. M., Story, M. T., Jeffery, R. W., Rydell, S. A. (2008). Effects of calorie labeling and value size pricing on fast food meal choices: results from an experimental trial.International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity,5(1), 63. Johnson, C. M., Angell, S. Y., Lederer, A., Dumanovsky, T., Huang, C., Bassett, M. T., Silver, L. D. (2010). Sodium content of lunchtime fast food purchases at major US chains.Archives of internal medicine,170(8), 732-734. O'donnell, S. I., Hoerr, S. L., Mendoza, J. A., Goh, E. T. (2008). Nutrient quality of fast food kids meals.The American journal of clinical nutrition,88(5), 1388-1395. Schlosser, E. (2012).Fast food nation: The dark side of the all-American meal. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. Swartz, J. J., Braxton, D., Viera, A. J. (2011). Calorie menu labeling on quick-service restaurant menus: an updated systematic review of the literature.International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity,8(1), 135. Thornton, L. E., Bentley, R. J., Kavanagh, A. M. (2009). Fast food purchasing and access to fast food restaurants: a multilevel analysis of VicLANES.International journal of behavioral nutrition and physical activity,6(1), 28. Willis-Shattuck, M., Bidwell, P., Thomas, S., Wyness, L., Blaauw, D., Ditlopo, P. (2008). Motivation and retention of health workers in developing countries: a systematic review.BMC health services research,8(1), 247.